Dysphagia is a learning disability characterized by marked difficulties in expressing thoughts in written and graphic form. Speech therapists describe dysgraphia as a disorder of spelling skills. Spelling mistakes are regular because these mistakes are hard to learn. People with dysphagia have difficulty pronouncing words correctly as well as writing them. Prevalence in children's environment from 20 to 60%.
Types of dysgraphia
• Dyslexic dysgraphia - the biggest difficulty is the spelling of words. Phonemic perception is impaired and phonological analysis abilities are impaired.
• Motor dysphagia - the biggest difficulty is rewriting and copying. Weakly developed hand motor skills, possibly weakened muscle tone.
• Spatial dysgraphia - the biggest difficulty is navigating the worksheet, following the lines. In this case, visual-spatial perception abilities are impaired.
Signs of dysphagia:
1) Good verbal abilities, weak writing skills;
2) Hard to read handwriting;
3) Frequent written deletion;
4) A peculiar position of the body during writing;
5) Peculiar placement of paper during writing;
6) The slants, size, height, shape of the letters are changed;
7) Punctuation marks are not used or they are rarely used;
8) Changed the use of upper and lower case letters (no consistency);
9) Incomplete words;
10) Missing letters in a word, missing words in a sentence;
11) There is no equal space between words, letters;
12) Peculiar way of holding a pen, pencil;
13) Rewriting the text causes difficulties.
Facilitation in the learning process:
1) Allow to answer orally;
2) Allow the task to be written for a longer time;
3) Prepare worksheets to reduce the amount of written work;
4) Do not comment on the neatness and aesthetics of the article work;
5) Find a comfortable pen, pencils;
6) Provide quality lighting;
7) To do written work computerized;
8) Replace written works with drawings, sketches (where possible);
9) Replace written works with an audio recording;
10) Create a system of word abbreviations;
11) Plan short and regular consultations;
12) Express positive reinforcements for the smallest growth;
13) Rest your fingers more often;
14) Develop finger rest exercises;
15) Train fine motor skills.
